Community General Hospital Essays

Community General Hospital Essays Community General Hospital Essay Community General Hospital Essay Essay Topic: General Dr Noland Wright, newly appointed manager of Community General Hospital, sighed as he reviewed the hospital’s financial records. He had been given the responsibility of leading the hospital’s next steps, but was perplexed by the financial condition highlighted in the financial statements before him. His training was in medicine, not business, and he had recently taken early retirement. He had been talked into taking Community’s reins by some old friends who live a few miles away from the facility. Community General Hospital had initially begun in 1914 as Whittaker Memorial hospital, a community-run hospital serving the black population of Newport News, Virginia. To meet the needs of an economic expansion of the community largely due to increased commercial activity during World War II, the hospital expanded facilities and scope through federal funding. In the 1940’s the hospital increased its census and gained accreditation by the America College of Surgeons. In the 1950’s and 60’s the hospital enjoyed a bustling business in the segregated health care industry. With the advent of the desegregation movement in the 1960’s, the hospital experienced several threats as black physicians gained the ability to admit patients to the large and better equipped traditionally ‘white’ hospitals in the area. The civic organization that governed the hospital began to be concerned for the hospital’s survival. It was experiencing a falling census, a deteriorating reputation concerning the quality of its health care, and picked up the reputation of being ‘public’ hospital (which it was not). While the City of Newport News was willing to help, it was unwilling to acquire full responsibility for the costs of a public hospital. During the 1970’s, the hospital drew on an emergency fund set up by the city. Throughout the 1970’s, the hospital suffered from losses and bad debts. By 1982 the civic board that guided the hospital became inactive. The following year, the last of the segregation practices ended by court order at the large surrounding hospitals. Few patients desired to be admitted to the small, modestly equipped hospital, preferring the larger, modern hospitals they now had access to. The hospitals ended 1983 with a $402,000 budget deficit. Suppliers began demanding cash payment for purchases. Employee layoffs, tightening of admission criteria, and refusal of non-paying patients were some of the steps taken to alleviate the dire financial situation. It was hoped that a new facility, new location and a future change of name to  Community General Hospital would help the hospital to survive. A $15 million bond issue and $1. 5 million in the community pledges the hospital to continue to operate. At the end of 1984 the fund deficit was $749,000. Private healthcare management firms were solicited for help, but these efforts were short-lived. In july 1985, Community General Hospital was dedicated, with a new facility and equipment, and a higher occupancy rate. Between 1979 and 1985, seven different administrators had been in charge of the hospital. Continued losses after 1985, and continued difficulty in retaining continuous management, convinced the hospital’s supporters to seek some solution to the ongoing problems. Political avenues were tried with some success, but did not last. The sale of the hospital to a doctors’ investment group was considered, but the hospital’s supporters ultimately rejected the deal. By 1990 the debt was in excess of $20 million. The ‘board’ of supporters agreed to file for bankruptcy. The Guarantor of the mortgage, the hospital continued to operate as the board sough affiliations with other area hospital. The quality ratings for the hospital continued to suffer. In 1993 the hospital was granted its bankruptcy petition. HUD settled for $4 million, and other creditors were held at bay. Political solutions for Community General’s future were sought, but ultimately, did not help the hospital’s condition. Administrators were hired, but their tenures were short-lived. By mid 1996 the hospital was again running a large fund deficit and was seeking direction in what appeared to be a rather hopeless situation.

Critics Claim Obama Doubled the National Debt

Critics Claim Obama Doubled the National Debt A widely circulated email that began making the rounds in 2009 indirectly claims President Barack Obama tried to double the national debt in one year, presumably in his first budget proposal after taking office. The email invokes the name of Obamas predecessor, former President George W. Bush, in trying to make its point about the Democratic president and the growing national debt. Lets take a look at the email: If George W. Bush had proposed to double the national debt - which had taken more than two centuries to accumulate - in one year, would you have approved?If George W. Bush had then proposed to double the debt again within 10 years, would you have approved? The email concludes: So, tell me again, what is it about Obama that makes him so brilliant and impressive? Cant think of anything? Dont worry. Hes done all this in 6 months-so youll have three years and six months to come up with an answer! Doubling Down on the National Debt? Is there any truth to the claim Obama proposed to double the national debt in one year? Hardly. Even if Obama went on the most lavish spending spree imaginable, it would have been pretty difficult to double what had been the total publicly held debt, or national debt, of more than $6.3 trillion in January of 2009. It just didnt happen. What about the second question? Did Obama propose to double the national debt within 10 years? According to nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office projections, Obamas first budget proposal was, in fact, expected to double the countrys publicly held debt over the course of a decade. Perhaps this is the source of confusion in the chain email. The CBO projected that Obamas proposed budget would increase the national debt from $7.5 trillion - about 53 percent of the nations Gross Domestic Product - at the end of 2009 to $20.3 trillion - or 90 percent of the GDP - by the end of 2020. The publicly held debt, also called the national debt, includes all monies owed by the United States government to persons and institutions outside the government. National Debt Nearly Doubled Under Bush If youre looking for other presidents who nearly doubled the national debt, perhaps Mr. Bush is also a culprit. According to the Treasury, the publicly held debt was $3.3 trillion when he took office in 2001, and more than $6.3 trillion when he left office in 2009. Thats an increase of nearly 91 percent. CBO Projects Debt to Almost Double by 2048 In June 2018, the CBO projected that without major changes in government spending, the national debt will nearly double as a share of the economy over the next 30 years. Currently (2018) equivalent to 78 percent of the GDP, the GBO projects it will hit 100 percent of GDP by 2030 and 152 percent by 2048. At this point, the debt as a share of the GDP would exceed the records set during World War II. While government spending on discretionary or optional programs is expected to remain steady or even decrease, the growth in the debt will continue to be driven by health care costs and increased spending on entitlement spending, like Medicare and Social Security as ever-more people reach retirement age. In addition, the CBO projects that President Trump’s tax cuts will add to the debt, especially if Congress makes them permanent. The tax cuts, currently in effect for 10 years, are expected to reduce the government’s revenue by $1.8 trillion through 2028, with even greater reductions in revenue if the tax cuts are made permanent. Large and growing federal debt over the coming decades would hurt the economy and constrain future budget policy, reported the CBO. The amount of debt that is projected under the extended baseline would reduce national saving and income in the long term; increase the governments interest costs, putting more pressure on the rest of the budget; limit lawmakers ability to respond to unforeseen events; and increase the likelihood of a fiscal crisis. Updated by Robert Longley

Discuss the important contributions that the education systems make to Essay

Discuss the important contributions that the education systems make to the state - Essay Example This essay stresses that more and more people now stay on for further and higher education, but are we raising false expectations? Employers who in the fifties would have been satisfied with quite low paper qualifications, now have very high standards., and so we find young people with a first degree unable to get employment in the field they want or, in some cases, any employment at all. One third of all graduates are said to never obtain employment at a true graduate level. So is all that time and study being wasted? It is well known that success in life is not necessarily linked to success in school. Albert Einstein failed early exams and believed that his wife had the better intellect of the two. Winston Churchill, great leader and winner of the Nobel prize for literature, had a mediocre school life. Shakespeare, another great Englishman attended his local school in Stratford, but as far as we know had no further or higher education. He probably started school at the age of 7 or 8 and left at about 15. So we see that society has benefited from great intellects, but these were not necessarily the result of great teaching. This paper makes a conclusion that education makes to the state. First of all you would have to agree on what constitutes education. Would you include only that which takes place in formal situations? What would you measure and what against? Literacy rates against gross natural product? Would you compare a countries rating according to the United Nations against a country’s education budget?

Everyday Playtime for Adults by Zamora Dulce Essay

Everyday Playtime for Adults by Zamora Dulce - Essay Example In the modern business world, people create activities for people to spend their time and resources on in their free time or after work. Dulce Zamora explores the concept of leisure and its meaning to adults. According to Zamora, there are some inherent benefits of adults including leisure time and activities in their lives. Similarly, there are some negative impacts of not including leisure time in adults’ lives. Additionally, some factors determine the choice of play or leisure activities that will satisfactorily suit people’s plans and produce the most benefits to an individual. Discussion This discussion will investigate the concept of leisure as discussed by Dulce Zamora, and outline some of the discussed benefits and limitations of including, or not including leisure time and activities in adults’ lives. Zamora recalls of childhood behavior, activities and the role they play in the refreshing human mind. For instance, he says, â€Å"Remember creating mud p ies as a child? Think of, how slimy the damp mud sensed between your fingers, and how you enjoyed designing the parties,† (Dillard 5). Alternatively, how about the moment you cycled your bicycle for hours about your environs, halting only when you felt exhausted. Although, the moments of extreme fun when one could move around without restrictions may appear far away, and imaginary with the present day’s never-ending list of activities to perform, it may be achievable to bring back most of the childhood fun and enjoyment and integrate it into today’s adult busy schedules. Before wondering out how to incorporate leisure time into the busy schedules, it may aid to realize what you are attempting to fix, (Charlotte 10). Experts suggest that, for anything to be attractive and pleasurable, freedom of choice and the view of control are crucial aspects. For instance, an individual who loves cooking of gourmet may not find enjoyment in making a meal that he feels attached into doing. Similarly, individuals who feel they should fix leisure time into their schedules may be hitting the goal. Dingwell argues that individuals tend to go to extremities and fill even their vacation time with multiple activities and tasks they believe they should take part in, for instance sports, parties and other social activities. Instead of concentrating on the crucial activities, they recommend for ways, to relax, and having sympathy for ourselves. Leisure time, according to Dingwell, is all about checking in and realizing that the questions below may aid determine whether an event is an appropriate thing to participate in now. Will the activity energize me? Will the activity put me in a place or state where I will feel better and relax? Will I just feel it as an obligation? The solution to most of these questions involves knowing oneself better, whether one is a social person, or a person who cherishes settings that are more intimate. In addition, it will entail reali zing whether one cherishes participating in softball, watching movies or opera, or working out crossword puzzles. The significant part is that one is participating in something that is intrinsically enjoyable to him, and not doing it because of other motives like guilt, reward or social class. For instance, a little kid who is shaping mud patties is doing it because she delights herself in the activity and for no other motives. Howard argues that the right level motivation is also crucial to enjoyment. For example, if an individual who loves to figure out crossword puzzles derives the hints extremely calmly, the person may get discouraged with it.

Ethnic Background Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Background Essay My name is Stephanie Flowers and until this class assignment I never thoughtfully considered what my actual ethnic background was. After looking up the meaning of my last name I found it to be of Welsh origin. This means that I could possibility trace my family roots back to Great Britain. After reading chapter one of Race and Ethnic Relations I discovered that being a part of a certain ethnic background does not mean that you have to be part of that race, but you have to practice the common cultural traditions of that subculture. So based off of my name some people might think that I was English. I grew up with a few household traditions that I consider to be a part of my ethnic background. To begin with, I would consider my family to practice Irish traditions. We always have huge St. Patrick’s Day party at my house that turns into an all-day drinking and eating celebration. I might not know all the reasons behind this celebration and what I consider a part of my family tradition, but it is still a part of my ethnic background in my opinion. Drinking is a big part of being Irish and in my family most celebrations do involve some type of alcohol. In Irish culture it is normal to introduce alcohol to children before the actual drinking age, I think this is good because we grow up with this around us and never take consumption of alcohol to extremes because it such a part of everyday life. I am would also consider myself to be of German ethnicity. My family has a good luck tradition for New Years. We eat pork roast and sauerkraut in hopes that the next year will be filled with lots of happiness and joy. I personally love this tradition and get upset when I sometimes only get to eat this meal once a year. It is one of my top five meals to eat that my grandma cooks. Being from the United States of America I do think that I have picked up so many different traditions from all of the friends that I have had throughout my life. This is why I love living in this country I get to experience so many different cultures and ethnic backgrounds. My boyfriend is of the Catholic religion, his family maintains this culture by attending mass for Christmas, Easter, and whenever they feel the need strengthen their relationship with god. This is the way that they maintain their ethnic background. They are a common group of people who believe the idea that they all share the share cultural heritage. This stems from his Irish background where Catholicism is the main religion practiced in that country. So to me this is the way to stay in touch with being from Ireland even though they now live in America. My cousin Rachael is half Mexican. Her mom was an immigrant and came to this country to start a better life. I love getting to go to their house in Texas; her mom makes the best Mexican dishes. What I have noticed from her Mexican culture and ethnicity is that food is a way of bringing the family together, it is a time of bonding in their household. I believe that by cooking traditional Mexican food it keeps her in touch with her roots and makes her feel better connected to her homeland. After doing this assignment I am very interested in doing more research on my family roots and discovering more about who and where I came from. Like it says on the Ancestry. com commercial, â€Å"you don’t have to know what you’re looking for; you just have to start looking. † So that’s what I am going to start doing. Also, I would like to conduct interviews with the elderly people in my family and possibility start filling out my family tree, which would be an easy way to connect the dots of my family history. I will still continue to maintain my Irish and German background by drinking on St. Patrick’s Day and eating pork roast and sauerkraut. I am very proud to be an American and I wish I didn’t take all of the rights that I have in this country for granite.

Essay on Okonkwo and Nwoye in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart

Understanding Okonkwo and Nwoye in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart  Ã‚   Two passages from the story Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, provide the reader with a more profound understanding of Okonkwo, and his son Nwoye.   The two do not have a good relationship and it becomes worse as the story progresses.  Ã‚   Throughout the book the two become increasingly distant and it is apparent that Okonkwo is very disappointed in his son.   After the death of Ikemefuna, Nwoye begins to question many aspects of his life, especially religion.   As the Christian missionaries spend more time with the members of the village, Nwoye becomes interested in this new religion.   The first passage I have chosen discusses Nwoye’s feelings about Christianity.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"But there was a young lad who had been captivated.   His name was Nwoye,   Okonkwo’s first son.   It was not the mad logic of the Trinity that captivated him.  Ã‚   He did not understand it.   It was the poetry of the new religion, something felt in   the marrow.   The hymn about brothers who sat in the darkness and in fear seemed   to answer a vague and persistent question that haunted his young soul - the   question of the twins crying in the bush and the questions of Ikemefuna who was   killed.   He felt a relief within as the hymn poured into his parched soul.   The words   panting earth.   Nwoye’s callow mind was greatly puzzled (147).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This passage shows the reader that Nwoye is extremely different from many members of his family and the other members of the village.   After Okonkwo learns that his son is interested in the new religion he is furious.   Okonkwo has always been disappointed in his son.   He believes that Nwoye is not as strong as a man of their clan should be.   When Okonkwo was Nwoye’s ... ... clansmen, his ancestors, and worst of all himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of the story, Okonkwo’s relationship with his son was strained.   Toward the end of the story, Nwoye has left is his family and will never see his father again.   The elders of the village put much emphasis on family life and helping fellow clansmen.   Okonkwo’s family life had increasingly gone downhill as the story progressed.   This book can be related to any family, even though it was written in a different time and place.   Family problems affect everyone and this story shows the reader how certain problems are dealt with.   I don’t believe, however, that Okonkwo’s family took care of their problems in a productive manner.   With better communication, Nwoye’s leaving and Okonkwo’s death may have been prevented.    Works Cited: Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Oxford: Heinemann, 1986.

Prime Mover Essay

Aristotle believed that there had to be one primary cause for the world to make sense. There must be something that triggered off the ‘chain of movement’. The Prime Mover is the ‘Uncaused First Cause’, both the unmoved mover and the final cause. As a result this means that all of earth and existence is in a constant stage of movement and change. , Aristotle is similar in his thinking to just like another philosopher, Heraclitus, who believed everything is in a dramatic state of change and, that this change had to be started by someone he called , the Prime Mover.The Prime Mover started off a cosmic chain of movement, whilst remaining unmoved, thereby making him an essential cog in the dynamics of the physical world. The Prime Mover has always existed in his eternal state of perfection and excellence to which that everything in the universe is drawn to the Prime Mover like a magnet. Everything is attracted to this perfection, even though the Prime Mover is de tached from the physical mortal world of humans. The Prime Mover has no plan or dependency for anyone or any thing. The Prime Mover is possessing actuality in its highest form.He relies on nothing but himself for existence. And if he was to become reliant on others, he wouldn't be the Primemover as he wasn't perfect. Aristotle describes the Prime or ‘Unmoved Mover’ as being separate from sensible things (world of the senses), but causing motion and the things in that world to move; for example, such as the circulatory motionwork of the stars and planets. All such movement is done as a great act of love and desire towards The Prime Mover. Who does so effortlessly. The Prime mover doesn't have to move, the Prime Mover can't and won't move.The Prime Mover is the reason for the start and the end of these chain of movements, the object of everything; he is the very essence face of excellence that no one can compete with, being the most beautiful and divine thing in the unive rse. The Prime Mover, unlike the change of matter is immaterial. The Prime Mover is not made from any physical object, and can never change therefore it cannot because this would suggest it could die, yet the Prime Mover can never change. He cannot perform any physical action and manifest himself through acts in purely spiritual and intellectual intention.Aristotle’s interpretation of God, which pre-dates no connection to the Christian notion of Godbased god, is that which is the best of all things possible that are thought, defined as th the ‘thought of thought’ only knowing himself and nothing of the physical world. The Prime Mmover must be good because there can be no badness in something that must exist in the first instance. Conversely anythat this is that exists necessarily hence being bad is so because is not connected to ‘not being ‘something that ought to be there’.In Conclusion, The idea of the Prime Mover is still valid today in resp ect to concept of the Uncaused Cause. In its idea that the reason behind the substances of the universe Yet it seems unlikely that a Prime Mover is something that has the power to move everything in the sensual world, add purpose and meaning to all known would have no physical connection or interaction withto the mankind, existing only as as Aristotle explains, how The Prime Mover is the ‘thought of thought. ’ But how can something consisting of pure thought alone, be capable of move things in the material world?

Hate Crimes Essay

The subject of hate crimes has to the highest degree had an affect on the way in which people socialize with each other on a regular basis. The basic definition of a hate crime is just about any act of violent behavior or vocal laceration of a human being simply on the basis of his or her race, spiritual belief, or his or her sexuality. A vast number of other bases that have an influence on hate crime have been introduced which are dependants upon guiding principle in written laws. The problem of abhorrence has absolutely overwhelmed every single one of us with queries and wished-for responses on how and why a number of of these blasphemous acts have taken place in front of the entire world. It is usually believed by people that the hate is not endorsed but erudite by means of the background of a person in particular environments. Several other factors are believed to be stirring this emotion as well. These are inclusive of the placement of a person in society, devout practices, and antagonism in the business ways. Analysis Violent behavior aggravated by a partiality in opposition to victims’ distinctiveness which are inclusive of race, faith, cultural background, nationalized basis, sexual category, or sexual orientation, are problems that have posed an issue to the entire community. The Federal law has defined a hate crime as at whatever time a fatality is assaulted on the foundation of his or her race, civilization, religious conviction, sexual orientation, or sexual characteristics; hate wrongdoings are made in opposition to constituents of a meticulous group basically due to their association to that group. Statistics show to us that at a time when in one year about nine thousand one hundred hate crimes took place, â€Å"a review of the data by incident showed that all but 4 of the incidents were classified as single-bias (involving only one bias motivation). A breakdown of the single-bias incidents by the type of bias revealed that 51. 4 percent were motivated by racial bigotry, 17. 9 percent were caused by religious intolerance, 16. 6 percent were the result of a sexual-orientation bias, and 13. 7 percent were triggered by an ethnicity/national origin bias. The remainder involved a bias against a disability. † (FBI Releases, 2004). There is no guarantee that hate crimes can ever be stopped. But there are certain steps that can be taken so as to stop such heinous crimes from taking place. First of all, the Federal Laws need to be adjusted as they do not take in sexual orientation as a hate crime. What else is that The Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) should be made tougher with stronger punishments so that people would be scared of the law (Hate Crimes, 2006). Another very important aspect is that every single hate crime must be reported to the higher authorities as if the sufferer does not speak up when the crime has taken place, the offender just might be able to strike back at him or her or perhaps someone who belongs to the sufferers’ base of being attacked. Criminal justice administrators and state policy makers should come to become conscious that it is necessary to create or regulate hate crime legislation. This is an issue that has undergone much debate since a long time. The answer to resolving the ever-growing predicament of hate crimes is additional hate crime legislation. Conclusion The word â€Å"Hate Crime† is perhaps a rather expansive term that holds the basic meaning that hate crime is any offense where the executors’ narrow-mindedness in opposition to an individual collection of people is a feature in having an influence upon who would be the victim. These can be inclusive of race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation etc. the profile of a hate crime offender can vary at all times as they usually appear to be innocent people. The rules against hate crimes need to be stricter so as to help decrease the crime.

Penicillin essays

Penicillin essays Penicillin: The Bacterial Cell Killer Before the discovery of penicillin, bacteria-caused diseases took a heavy toll on the world population. During the 1800s there were only limited ideas about how diseases were generated in the human body. Two men, Pasteur and Koch, had clearly shown the connection between disease and bacteria, but not many people believed in the work they were doing. (Brown, 1996, P.1). Around the late 1850s, a few people were beginning to take seriously the idea that diseases were caused by unseen things. A twenty-one year old medical student in France made a chance discovery that a substance produced by a mold could apparently kill bacteria. This medical student was Ernest Duchesne. This work was mainly ignored, and eventually forgotten. (Brown, 1996, P.1). In 1928 penicillin was accidentally discovered by Dr. Alexander Flemming at St. Marys Hospital in London. Dr. Flemming had been working to find ways to kill bacteria in infected wounds. When Flemming returned from a vacation, he found that he had left the lid off one of his Petri dishes. He noticed that some kind of fungus was growing on his dish. Instead of throwing it away, he examined it first. While examining the fungus he notice that there was a zone around it that was completely devoid of bacteria. He reasoned that this growing fungus must be producing something that was killing the bacteria. Flemming identified the fungus as Penicillium notatum. He named the material that killed the bacteria penicillin. After researching it he found that although it killed many different kinds of bacteria, it was very unstable and sometimes didnt work. It was not until the second World War (1939-1945) that two British scientist, Florey and Chain, managed to purify the formula. (Bro wn, 1996; Wong, 1998) Even though the efforts and resources of many people were used to try and produce large quantities of penicillin, it so...

An Overview of Scandium (Sc or Element 21)

An Overview of Scandium (Sc or Element 21) Basic Facts Atomic Number: 21Symbol: ScAtomic Weight: 44.95591Discovery: Lars Nilson 1878 (Sweden)Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d1Word Origin: Latin Scandia: ScandinaviaIsotopes: Scandium has 24 known isotopes ranging from Sc-38 to Sc-61. Sc-45 is the only stable isotope.Properties: Scandium has a melting point of 1541 Â °C, a boiling point of 2830 Â °C, a specific gravity of 2.989 (25 Â °C), and valence of 3. It is a silvery-white metal which develops a yellowish or pinkish cast when exposed to air. Scandium is a very light, relatively soft metal. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids. The blue color of aquamarine is attributed to the presence of scandium.Sources: Scandium is found in the minerals thortveitite, euxenite, and gadolinite. It is also produced as a byproduct of uranium refinement.Uses: Scandium is used to make high-intensity lamps. Scandium iodide is added to mercury vapor lamps to produce a light source with a color resembling sunlight. The radioactive isotope Sc-46 is us ed as a tracer in refinery crackers for crude oil. Element Classification: Transition Metal Physical Data Density (g/cc): 2.99Melting Point (K): 1814Boiling Point (K): 3104Appearance: somewhat soft, silvery-white metalAtomic Radius (pm): 162Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 15.0Covalent Radius (pm): 144Ionic Radius: 72.3 (3e)Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.556Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 15.8Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 332.7Pauling Negativity Number: 1.36First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 630.8Oxidation States: 3Standard Reduction Potential: Sc3 e → Sc E0 -2.077 VLattice Structure: HexagonalLattice Constant (Ã…): 3.310Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.594CAS Registry Number: 7440-20-2 Trivia Scandium was named after Scandinavia. Chemist Lars Nilson was attempting to isolate the element ytterbium from the minerals euxenite and gadolinite when he discovered scandium. These minerals were primarily found in the Scandinavia region.Scandium is the transition metal with the lowest atomic number.The discovery of scandium filled a spot predicted by Mendeleevs periodic table. Scandium took the place of the placeholder element eka-boron.Most scandium compounds have scandium with the Sc3 ion.Scandium has an abundance in the Earths crust of 22 mg/kg (or parts per million).Scandium has an abundance in seawater of 6 x 10-7 mg/L (or parts per million).Scandium is more abundant on the Moon than on Earth. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001) Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

Contemporary issues review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary issues review - Essay Example Human capital cannot be owed by an organization because it is inherent in people, hence when people leave organizations, human capital leaves too. It encompasses how organization utilizes its people resources effectively as measured by innovation and creativity; structural capital, this is the supportive processes, infrastructure and organization’s databases which enhances the functionality of human capital. Structural capital may include hardware, buildings, software, patents, processes, information system, organization’s image, proprietary databases, and trademarks. Structural capital can also be classified into process, organization, and innovation capital. Intellectual properties are protected by trademarks and copyrights. Intangible assets include all other theory and talents through which an organization is run; and relational capital, which consists of supplier and customer relationships, trade names and trademarks, franchises, and licenses (Tayles et al., 2007). The perception that customer capital is distinct from structural and human capital shows its central importance to the worth of an organization. Even though intellectual capital may be similar to tangible assets in its potential to generate future cash flow, it is different radically from tangible capital in various respects: intellectual assets are not rival assets. Intellectual assets can be multiplexed unlike tangible assets that can only do one thing at a time; relational capital and human capital cannot be owned and are shared with suppliers, customers and employees. It therefore demands careful nurturing in order to grow; structural capital on the other hand can be owned and is often controlled by the management. It cannot be easily traded however, since there is not market in existence for that purpose; structural capital can be substituted with expensive expenditure on capital in the form of real time inventory control systems and just in time process of procurement; firms leveraging their intellectual capital to perform their knowledge work generate higher profit margin compared to those firms who offer mass produces solutions; and structural, human and relational capital usually work together in order to give rise to core competencies in judicious combinations that assume strategic significance. Therefore, it is not totally enough to invest in people, customers and systems separately, that produce end value in combinations. Intellectual capital is measured in order to help organizations in formulating their strategy, assisting in the diversification and expansion of the decisions of the firm, evaluating the execution of the strategy, communicating with external shareholders, and as a foundation for compensation management (Gowthorpe, 2009). Summarily, intellectual capital is the sum total of a firm’s structural capital, human capital and relational capital. They distinguish firms’ performance from one another and form a source of disti nct competitive advantage. Sustainability and accounting Accounting for sustainability entails linking initiatives of sustainability to company strategy, opportunities and evaluating risks, accounting and performance management skills, and providing measurement in order to ensure that sustainability is rooted into daily operations of the company. Sustainability a